Concepts, Principles, Theories

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator  © Foxit Software http://www. foxitsoftware. com For evaluation only. 14/07/2010 MPK1023: Management and Administration of TVE CONCEPTS vs. PRINCIPLES vs. THEORY PM Dr WILFREDO H. LIBUNAO IMPORTANCE OF IMPORTANCE THEORIES Theories are constructed to give an explanation of phenomena (Stam, 2000). According to Denzin (1970), there are three functions of a theory: 1. Permitting organization of descriptions, 2. leading to explanation, and 3. furnishing the basis for prediction of future events. Importance of Theories†¦cont’d: In a nutshell, theories: – Tell us what we are doing Tell us why we do things – Not how to do things – It help us better understand the process – Will enable us to predict what is going to happen in the future 1 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator  © Foxit Software http://www. foxitsoftware. com For evaluation only. 14/07/2010 Importance of Theories†¦cont’d: Elements of Theory: †¢ Concepts †¢ Generalizations †¢ Assumptions Purposes of Theory: †¢ Provide an explanation of how things generally work †¢ Guide research †¢ Guide practice Importance of Theories†¦cont’d: Hypotheses: †¢ Conjectural statements that explain relationships. †¢ Use to test theories. †¢ Guide research Scientific Knowledge: Propositions supported by systematic research. Purpose of Science: To test theory and to provide reliable explanation. Theoretical System Concepts Generalizations Assumptions Concepts Variables Hypotheses Variables Empirical Testing Principles  © Hoy, 2008,  © Hoy 2003 2 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator  © Foxit Software http://www. foxitsoftware. com For evaluation only. 14/07/2010 IMPORTANCE OF CONCEPTS †¢ What is a concept? †¢ Why is it important? †¢ How is it different from principles and theories? †¢ Is concept important in management? The Elephant Six blind sages were shown an elephant and met to discuss their experience. It's wonderful,† said the first, â€Å"an elephant is like a rope: slender and flexible. † â€Å"No, no, not at all,† said the second, â€Å"an elephant is like a tree, sturdily planted on the ground. † â€Å"Nonsense,† said the third, â€Å"an elephant is like a wall. † â€Å"Incredible,† said the fourth, â€Å"an elephant is a tube filled with water. † â€Å"What a strange and piecemeal beast this is,† said the fifth. â€Å"Strange indeed,† said the sixth, â€Å"but there must be some underlying harmony. Let us investigate the matter further. † Adapted from a traditional Hindu fable IMPORTANCE OF CONCEPT IMPORTANCE †¢ A concept is a mental abstraction which allows eneralization and the extension of knowledge from some known objects to others unknown. †¢ A concept is formed by taking a number of similar entities and deciding what makes them similar in an important way. †¢ Concepts are bearers of meaning, as opposed to agents of meaning. A single concept can be expressed by any number of languages. 3 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator  © Foxit Software http://www. foxitsoftware. com For evaluation only. 14/07/2010 Importance of concept†¦cont’d †¢ In other words concepts are essentially hypotheses that will become invalid, should they fail to fit in some critical way the empirical reality t is claimed they represent. †¢ The word ‘concept’ refers to a class of acts, thoughts, activities, processes, or structures. †¢ In science its concepts drive research, steering inquiry according to the meaning of each. Importance of concept†¦cont’d †¢ Concepts lead to new directions and new ideas through disturbances or provocations in usual thinking processes. †¢ Concepts are keys to change and improvement. IMPORTANCE OF PRINCIPLE PRINCIPLE – is considered as a law, a doctrine, a policy, or a deep-seated beliefs which governs the deepconduct of various types of human activities. In the field of administration and supervision,PRINCIPLE is accepted as a fundamental truth. —- for the administrator and supervisor, it is very important to have good principles, because these will serve as his guide in his reflective thinking and in his choice of program of activities. 4 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator  © Foxit Software http://www. foxitsoftware. com For evaluation only. 14/07/2010 IMPORTANT USES OF PRINCIPLES IN SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION 1. Principles are means by which the administrator and supervisor proceed from one situation to another. —- it means that in the operation or in administering/ supervising functions, there is an rganized step-by-step schedule or program of step-byactivities to be followed. 2. Principles are instrumental in improving teachingteachinglearning process. —- since every administrator or supervisor as well as t eachers want the best learning outcomes on the part of the learner, these principles will be of great help for the improvement of instruction and all other learning activities. Uses of principles in school administration [cont’d] 3. Principles make for enormous economy of time and effort in choosing techniques to be used. —– meaning principle directs us on what is the appropriate techniques/strategies to be sed effectively in the operation of administrative and supervisory functions. 4. Principles eliminate much of the trial and error practices. —– through it, we can avoid waste of time on what to do, but instead they give us direction or point of destination. Uses of principles in school administration [cont’d] 5. Principles greatly aid in the discovery of new techniques. —– they are the hypotheses that direct the search for new techniques in school administration and supervision. 6. Principles are needed to guide the choice a nd sequence of the techniques at hand. 5 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator  © Foxit Software http://www. oxitsoftware. com For evaluation only. 14/07/2010 Uses of principles in school administration [cont’d] 7. Principles aid in the evaluation of techniques, for they furnish a broader basis by which to judge the techniques used in the school administration and supervision. —– it is not only used to determine on what appropriate techniques to be used, but it can also serve as measurement / basis as to how effective is the technique or procedures. 8. Principles define the items, which must be scrutinized in evaluating the results. —– this implies the better understanding of the fundamental principles and functions of school dministration and supervision Uses of principles in school administration [cont’d] 9. Principles are used to evaluate the success of administrative and supervisory programs. —— administration and supervision ar e also directed and evaluated in terms of principles. 10. Principles lead the administrators and supervisors to further activities for they are dynamic and not static. —— being a teacher, we are also an administrator and supervisors in the real classroom situation, we must see to it that our principles and techniques used are open for any changes and improvement. The Triadic Relations ofTheory, Practice, and Research Theory, research, and practice are in a dynamic relationship. Each set of relationships is relationship. reciprocal: theory guides practice, but practice reciprocal: reinforces, refines, or disconfirms theory; theory theory; guides research, but research creates and refines theory; and research guides practice, but practice theory; directs research. research. T R P  © Hoy, 2008,  © Hoy 2003 6 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator  © Foxit Software http://www. foxitsoftware. com For evaluation only. 14/07/2010 END OF SESSION MPK1023: M anagement and Manageme nt Administration of TVE A dministration 7

The meaning of beauty essay

I believe that beauty Is In the eye of the beholder. What one person would consider a flaw; another might think it an adorable quirk. Since no one is Identical, this means there's no true definition of beauty. It's all based on our perception. First of all, the way we perceive beauty Is affected largely by the media. Growing up In a heavily media Influenced culture; many people believe that being beautiful Is synonymous to being â€Å"hot†.In movies, the ugly† girl rarely ever â€Å"gets the guy'. The way television portrays beauty Is wrong, and hurtful, because It reinforces the Idea that to be beautiful, you must be attractive. Beauty Is more than Just skin deep. The word â€Å"beautiful† encompasses the mind and soul of a person, not Just their body and face. Regardless, people may argue that the meaning of beauty Is Ingrained In us biologically. What we find â€Å"naturally attractive† helps us define who an Ideal mate would be.But now that the arrival of our race doesn't depend on our reproduction, we can redefine the definition of beauty to suit our psychological needs. People have ruined their health and taken unnecessary risks, since they're willing to do whatever it takes to be â€Å"beautiful. † In conclusion, saying that beauty is in the eye of the beholder would embrace the fact that there are infinite definitions for this word. For this reason, I celebrate that beauty is more than what is merely on the outside.

What is Indian philosophy Is there Indian philosophy Essay

What is Indian philosophy Is there Indian philosophy - Essay Example The orthodox schools include Mimamsa, Nyaya, Sankhya, Vaiseshika. The unorthodox schools re comprised of Buddhism and Abhidharma (Dasgupta 38). Further, Indian philosophy also incorporates the sceptical and materialist philosophies of Carvaka in addition to the religious schools of Jainism. Focus will be centred on the vigorous debates over argumentative strategies and conceptual analysis by which the Indian philosophical schools presented their philosophical positions, defended themselves against attacks from other philosophical schools and in turn mounted their own attacks. By analysing Indian philosophy this way demonstrates its existence and the way vital issues of philosophy have been addressed in India. All Indian school systems of thought agreed about reincarnation and karma (Dasgupta 45). Karma is a synonym for actions. They believed that individuals will experience consequences for their evil or good actions (fruits of karma). However, when the consequences â€Å"fruits of karma† cannot be experienced in a person’s present life, then he or she must die and be born again in order to experience them. In addition, apart from Buddhism, the Indian schools of thought agreed on the presence or existence of a permanent soul (Radhakrishnan 67). The soul had to go through some kind of purification for it to exist permanently. However, the thought on this differed from one school to another. The Indian schools of thought implied that ethically, desires and passions were to be put under check while no form of life was supposed to be harmed. Materialists and atheists were very common in India. As such, the schools of thought had to respond to non-believers arguments repeatedly. The materialist system was referred to as Lokayata. This is translated to mean, â€Å"that which is found among humans or people in general†. The scepticism of Lokayata about theology, reincarnation, and karma stemmed from its epistemology

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 52

Assignment Example He cites several reasons towards this. The most prominent cause of the high levels of arrest amount individuals in this bracket is the weeding out of wealthy individuals. This means that police tend not to put a critical focus on crimes that are committed by individuals who have some form of financial ability (Reiman & Leighton, 2010). This has led to the profiling of such individuals as individuals with potential of committing crime. The police profiling is based on the theory of comparing the magnitude of the crime and the levels of income earned. Therefore, when an individual in the middle-income brackets commits a petty crime may walk away with just but a mere warning without arrest. In addition to profiling of the individuals, the author puts out an argument in the road toward prison. He acknowledges that the police regularly investigate individuals who have the least levels of political and economic clout (Reiman & Leighton, 2010). Therefore, a case on a petty crime such as non-aggravated assault and shoplifting may quickly go cold if the key suspect of a crime if the person has any potential or significant political or economic influence. Therefore leaving the individuals in the lower end if the income bracket most vulnerable to arrest Notable is the high conviction rates of individuals in the lower income bracket than in the higher bracket. According to Reidman, the topic of guilt or not guilty is highly affected by the individual’s ability to secure funds that are necessary for acquiring legal counsel or even be freed on bail. As both of them require access to a significant amount of money, it is not a shock that individuals who are likely to be convicted of a crime. Studies have indicated that unemployed individuals and individual who do not have the ability to make bail are three times more likely to be

Effect of Ocean acidification upon ability to genetically adapt in Essay - 3

Effect of Ocean acidification upon ability to genetically adapt in Nereis species - Essay Example As such the project will examine how environmental stress manifest itself upon regulation of reproduction, and ultimately, reproductive success. To study the adaptive capacity and resilience in worms, the project will evaluate variations, which are observed in worms that are moved between various pH conditions. This evaluation can also serve as a measure for biomarkers that indicate effects of such pH stress. Studies of specimens that stem from volcanic vents, where release of carbon dioxide occurs, provide an opportunity to learn about the natural ecosystems (Fabry, et al., 2008) that have a low pH. It also provides a potential model to study the likelihood of species acclimatising and living in low pH habitats. The study should reveal more about the mechanisms that allow these worms to survive in these harsh environments. The main aim of this project is to evaluate the molecular and biochemical basis of pH acclimatisation, and the role of environmental factors such as temperature and carbon dioxide levels, which define the vent environment. Ocean acidification involves lowering the pH of ocean water, resulting from an increase in the uptake of CO2. Oceanic CO2 levels have increased over the past centuries, and they continue to rise at higher rates than ever. This has the effect of reducing the natural buffering capacity of the ocean, as well as lowering the pH of the water (Fabry, et al., 2008). Existing in natural CO2 vents, P. dumerilii has exhibited its ability to survive in such extremely low pH levels (Davidson, 2013), as compared to related Nereid species such as Nereis succinea, Nereis diversicolor and Nereis zonata. These pH levels range from 6.6-7.3 in the CO2 vents that exist in Ischia (Calosi, et al., 2013) and P. dumerilii is known to thrive in these vents whilst N. zonata co-occurs in the Ischia area but is not known to inhabit the low pH vents (VodÄÆ', 2015).

Counseling Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Counseling - Assignment Example I would start by asking the freshman the reasons as to why he chose the career. This can be due to personal interest on that area, persuasion/ influence from either parents or colleagues, being cheap in terms of cost, taking a short duration of time. It can even be that the freshman chose the career not basing it on any factors. My area of interest would be to ascertain the suitability of the career from the 'marketability' point of view. He should be able to choose a career that would enable him secure a job as soon as he finishes college. I would then encourage him to change his career if I realize that the one he has chosen may not adequately serve his needs as soon as he finishes college. I will stipulate to the freshman the need for living harmoniously with colleagues in college. Living peacefully with colleagues would enable him to always have a peaceful mind and be able to concentrate in his studies. Conflicts characterized with chaos, fights would not only adverse his performance in academics, but can make him either be suspended or expelled from college. The entire life of the freshman would be greatly influenced by the kind of people/ friends he would be associating himself with. Friends are people who can easily influence someone's character, either positively or negatively. I would therefore urge the freshman to carefully choose the kind of people to associate with. He can do this by consulting the sophomores and other seniors if the people he wants to associate himself with are already known by them (sophomores and seniors). If they are fresher, then he can use his own judgment to determine whether they are good or bad, morally upright or to the contrary etc. I would further advice him to cling to people with vision and one goal - that of passing college exams and coming out successfully. In this respect I would advice him to completely avoid associating himself with students who take alcohol, smoke, and who involve themselves in other immoral activities. 4) SEXUAL RESPONSIBILITY This would be a very important topic as far as the new freshman is concerned. I would tell him the need to completely abstain from sex. Sex, being addictive would deviate his mind from studies thus deteriorating his performance. It can also earn him enemies because he might be competing with his colleagues and even lecturers for sexual partners. Worst of all, I would highlight to him; the dangers of engaging in sex irresponsibly one of them being contracting of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/ AIDS. 5) OBEDIENCE & ADHERENCE TO ESTABLISHED RULES I would advice the freshman to adhere to the generally established rules and regulations of the

Attraction and Mate Selection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Attraction and Mate Selection - Essay Example Grochowski, 2006). No society encourages its members to select spouse with complete freedom. Moreover the problem with the kin marriage is that it can lead to undesirable genetic consequences in offspring which increases the chances of death before they even grow up. Exogamy is influenced by factors such as size, diversity and sex ratio of the community; it is thought that marriage is an institution that functions to preserve race, class, education and social distinction. The society in which a person lives determines its mate selection; some societies consider people who are related by birth and some consider people who live together in same households, other societies by adoption, marriage or clan. Wikes et al. further states that, in most of the societies a person marries outside one's nuclear family (exogamy) but is encouraged to marry to a member of one's own class, race or religion (endogamy). Thus exogamous group is small and endogamous group is large. In some societies both t hese groups can be equal too as when they are divided into clans and lineages. (2006) Sociological factors also play their part in mate selection. Looking at the homogamy theory, which supports the idea that like is attracted to like, thus people are more likely to choose a mate who is similar to them in many dimensions. "Homogamy theory states that people select mates who are like them in physical characteristics such as height and weight and psychological characteristics including intelligence, interest, attitude, values and personality" (Daniel T. Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, Gardner Lindzey, 1998). In most of the families it is assumed that their children will marry within same race, status, religious affiliation and ethnic group. People usually search mates within their own race; norms with respect to race are strongly adhered to. Gilbert et al further explains that religion also plays an important part in this selection, in the orthodox, Jewish communities if the son or daughter married outside they were considered dead. People are said to be in same social class if they have similar education, occupation and occupational background. So with similar life experiences they share similar views and thus associate together in similar style of living. People prefer to marry in same socio-economic groups. Age also counts in mate selection as mostly a few years age difference is expected and the husband is considered to be older then wife in most of the societies. These are few common characteristics which people choose in making their mate selection. Psychological factors play an important part in mate selection. "The complementary needs theory states that two need are complimentary if one partners need also satisfies the need of other; for e.g. one enjoys being submissive and other dominant" (Chris Segrin, Jeanne Flora, 2005). The complimentary interaction between the two partners increases their attractiveness to each

Diversity Case Analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Diversity Analysis - Case Study Example The blacks were supposed to appeal to the locals (mainly blacks) and the whites to the nation (mainly whites) generally. Even though blacks worked in External Deposits they were not allowed to take up management positions in that section. African-Americans were stereotyped. They were seen as people who are just willing to work from nine- to-five. not smart, hardworking and dedicated as whites so they were seen as not the ideal type for External Deposits. The departments were not properly coordinated. They were treated as two (2) different businesses. The customers of the Retail Operations were treated differently from those of External operations. Thus persons who now reside outside the community find that dis dealt with the people outside of the local area. Ron Wilkin’s needs to restructure the organisation and take a good look and consider altering its employment practices. It is clear that they are disorganised. There are no clear guidelines on how people are hired for the Sales Division. There is some confusion as there is no real guideline as to what constitute Retail and what constitute External. Retail has clients who once lived in the local community while External has clients who live in the local community. There has to be a distinction between the divisions or else customers will be turned away soon. Both black and whites should be allowed to top positions in both sections once they have the credentials and the capacity to do the work. All employees need to be provided with adequate feedback on their performance. There has to be some commitment to equity and fairness in how employees are dealt with. Policies and procedures need to be put in place to provide guidelines relating to staff behaviour and what constitutes an action for dismissal. Everything appeared to be going well at Spencer Owen’s until the dismissal of a black manager. There appears to be some difference in how employees are

AIPT Nomination Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

AIPT Nomination Speech - Essay Example Hence, if elected, my well-rounded background will be an ample contribution to catalyze the enhancement of AIPT. Direct Access stood as a long-awaited victory of our profession. Our focus now should concentrate more on the appropriate insurance reimbursement for Direct Access patients. Other important issues that need attention are the existence of POPTS, the practice of PT by non-licensed individuals and corporations, the challenge of PTs to continue performing spinal manipulation and electrophysiology testing and the Medicare CAP. However, Insurance Reimbursement should still be at the top of our list. After all, we first have to survive as businesses before we are able to forward other undertakings.As aCo-Chair of the AIPT, I will fully commit myself in developing a strategy that will prevent or even reverse declines in insurance reimbursement. Here, I suggest a rather aggressive strategy involving tough negotiations, use of statistical data that reflect practice patterns, the power of public relations and active participation of all members. Also, the major trend shaping health care leader ship presently is the trend toward leading across a network of partners, as opposed to leading down a hierarchical organization. Thus, there is a gre

Comparing Two Charity Advertisements Essay Example for Free

Comparing Two Charity Advertisements Essay In this essay I will be comparing the advertising leaflet for Christian Aid with the leaflet produced by The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA). This essay will be analysing how the different charities try to persuade us, the audience to change our views, make the people want to do something to help them and the difficulties these charities face. I will be examining and commenting on the effectiveness of these adverts. The RSPCA are a charity organization set up to help animals in Britain and Christian Aid helps out people and children Worldwide. We need these charities because they help people in need and they also support communities. We need charities to help people who cannot support themselves because everyone deserves to have a life of their own which they can enjoy. We give to charities for many reasons, but the main reason we give to charities is because we feel guilty. We feel guilty because we are so well off and we take our houses, Television and having food and water for granted. However, people in third world countries can not even afford to have a roof above their head and in some extreme cases of poverty they can not afford food and clean water. Some people give for compassion. This is when they sympathise with these people and animals and they feel sorry for them so they give money because they want to help them. However, some people give because of their religious belief. Muslims give to charities because of Zakat, one of the pillars of Islam. It reminds Muslims of the fact that whatever wealth they may possess is due to the blessings of Allah and it should be spent according to the His commands. Some people give to charity because they believe it is their moral duty to give to charity. In addition some people give to charities because they want people to think they are generous and they want to be recognized as that and get praise for it. There are hundreds of different charities which help out in different ways. These different charities include charities that support animal rights, environmental agencies and pressure groups, humanitarian charities, medical charities and child protection. The spectrum of human emotion can be manipulated visually and imaginatively. Pictures can be formed mentally from descriptive words or even statistics. Charities use this to their advantage, this works extremely well. It is their greatest technique for persuasion. Charities constantly need to advertise due to competition. There are hundreds of charities which help different causes and this is why there are so many different charities to give to which shows there is so much competition. On top of this there is the National Lottery. Since the national lottery there has been a decrease in the number of people giving to charity. The National Lottery is a huge profit making organisation and out of this they profit they do give to charity. However they only give a small proportion of their money to charity and recently there has been some controversy on which charities they give to. Most charities also do not get government funding which means they rely on the public to donate money to keep their charity running. Charities advertise in various ways. These include the broadcast media which could be television or Radio, Print Media which consists of billboards, posters, newspaper (tabloids and broadsheets) and magazines; we can also include advertising on the internet. Advertising is very important in our culture and is always around us. Everything is advertised varying from houses to the clothes we wear and films we watch. Advertisements are a way to persuade people to do what you want them to do, whether it is to donate to tour charity or to buy your product. Advertisements have been around for centuries, one of the first advertisements was in a newspaper in 1704. This shows how long they have been around and how long people have had to learn how to manipulate them to their advantage. Charities mainly use the print media option because it cheaper than television and radio advertisement. Also print media is more easily accessible to everybody unlike radio and television. This may also be advantageous because instead of having to write out a cheque the print media will probably have a tear off slip which can be more convenient to send off. This has been used in the RSPCA leaflet. Charities target people who are financially stable and socially and globally aware of the problems people face in the world. This is because these sorts of people are more likely to give because they are likely to feel guiltier than others and if they know about global issues then are also likely to empathise with these people. Charities can target their audience by advertising in certain newspapers such as broadsheets for example The Guardian or The Telegraph. The type of people who read these sort of papers are more likely to give than people who read The Sun or The Daily Sport because they are probably more likely to be globally aware and they are probably better educated, so they have better jobs and would therefore would have a more disposable income to give to charities. The main purpose of the RSPCA is to prevent cruelty to animals. We know this because it says The aims of the RSPCA are to prevent cruelty and promote kindness to animals. The main purpose of Christian Aid is to help people, regardless of their race or religion, to tackle the causes of poverty and injustice. We know because the information inside the leaflet shows us that they are trying to help people like Valliamma and Shashore have a life before Death. From the name Christian Aid people tend to believe that this charity only helps people who are Christian but this is not true, this name was made centuries back when this was not a multi-cultural society, as it is today, but it had to the name because they were to well known to change it. The Christian Aid leaflet uses an image of a canned drink on the front cover. This is a red colour, with the title Fresh Air. The words Fresh air are very strong as their slogan and also very emotive, as it makes us think of those people in undeveloped countries, who do not have anything but air. This image of a can is very effective because it reminds people of Coca Cola and western culture and capitalism. It shows how our culture has dominated the world, and how unfortunate some people are. The colour red is very effective because it has negative connotations of blood and death which reminds us of what is happening out in the world and makes us want to donate money. On the back of the can there is a box titled Nutritional Information which is written in a large font to show that is the title, then the writing inside is a smaller font size. When we first open the poster our eyes are immediately led to the picture on the left. This is because we read from left to right so the left hand side is the primary optical area for us. The writing above the picture is in bold and in red. This is more eye-catching and we are more likely to read this before we read any of the other text because the bright red and the dominance in the size of text will probably strike our attention before the other text would. There is a caption below the picture which is in a smaller font than the one which is used for the rest of the writing. This has been deliberately made small because this information is not as important as the other text. On the right hand side, there is another photo and below it there is a caption and in an even smaller font than this there are the Christian Aid contact details. This has been put at the bottom of the page because it is the last thing that has been out on the page so it memorable. The biggest writing on this page is at the top of the page on the right. This is used to make sure that everyone reads this, even if they do not read the other text because this is the most important text. It also is the centre page of the three flaps, so it is also been put there as a big centre point. The right hand flap can then be pulled open to show more writing in the middle and on the right there are two small pictures surrounded by writing. The writing is broken into paragraphs so it seems easier to digest instead having big chunks of text which some people may find off putting. The text is split in the middle with alternating bold red text then normal text. On the right hand side each paragraph starts off in bold with the words Just à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½24 or à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½36. This is used to emphasise the amount of money, which for us is not a lot but for people in Africa is enough to build a life on. At the bottom again we have big, red, bold text, to stand out against the rest of the text as it is asking us to give us money and the CA do not want us to miss this. At the bottom we have the Christian Aid logo and below the slogan We Believe in Life before Death. This has been put here because this is the terminal optical area as it is the last thing we read on the right-hand side when we read from left to right so we will remember this. The RSPCA leaflet shows a cat on the cover, sitting on a doorstep and staring at us. This scene seems absolutely normal. The heading is in a bold white font which gives positive connotations as it makes us think of peace. At the bottom of the page on the right, we have the RSPCA logo in the terminal optical area which is effective because it makes it more identifiable and memorable. Then if we lift out the flap underneath, we see an image of what seems to be a normal house. There is a cat sitting on top of the sofa. The title on the top is written in a big black bold colour. This black colour gives negative connotations compared to the white heading on the first image because it is shows darkness. Below there is white writing which is smaller but is still in bold. It is now that we see the next picture which instantly gives very negative connotations from just looking at it. There are faeces on the floor, it looks like a very neglected area and there are tins of cat food as well. Using black and white to contrast between negative and positive features is a very clever way to easily give the effect you want. The RSPCA advert has very little text compared to the CA advert and big pictures. They have also printed their advert in black and white whereas on the other hand the CA advert has been printed in colour. This was probably printed in black and white because it is cheaper so more leaflets can be printed within their budget, informing more people of their charity. Nowadays, charities are using more and more shocking images in their adverts in order to make the audience empathise and feel sorry for these people. For example, a recent Barnardos advert showed a baby with a cockroach and a syringe in its mouth and this was banned because it was thought to be too shocking for the British public. This however is very effective, and if people were to believe that this kind of thing was happening then they would be more likely to give. However, this could have been made very shocking purposefully, to grab attention and to get publicity. When we first see the RSPCA advert we are confronted by a rhetorical question asking us whether this cat is happily watching the world go by. This makes us start to think whether something is going on and leads us to read on to see if there is anything going on. Then, when we open up the leaflet this question is answered, but in the form of another rhetorical question and in the background there is an image of a room. Then below this tile is writing. This writing is telling us what actually happened in this room. It talks about the cat Boots being soiled with faeces. They have used the name Boots to make it seem more personal to us. The faeces could have been replaced with excretion or pooh but faeces is used to make it sound more technical and scientific. This helps to make it more shocking and give the text more of an impact. Short sentence structure is used to make the reader remember, short sentences are also more effective than long sentences, which helps the reader remember what is said. Then on the back we have a zoom in on what has happened. It has information of an advice line and national cruelty helpline places next to a phone. At the end the text This was just one is placed in the terminal optical area which makes the sentence stay in the persons mind. Moving back to the middle section there is a photograph of three kittens staring at us. It seems as if they are asking for help when they look at us. This is called the look to camera technique. The title uses an opinion which is made to look like a fact when it is not necessarily true that Boots ahs found a loving new family. Below the picture there is a black box which is used to draw our attention. The writing inside this box uses triadic structure and repetition of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3 a month in bold then what this can do to help being listed three times. At the end it says Please help. This is a polite request. This is used because it is harder to decline a polite request than it is a normal request. Again in the last section we have the cat using the look to camera technique which seems as if the cat is asking us Please be my friend? The title uses emotional blackmail when it says Ill be a friend for life to defenceless animals suffering from cruelty. This is effective because it makes us want to be their friend, and protect them from cruelty. This advert uses many examples of rhetorical questions, because they are thought evoking and make us want to read on, until we reach the end, where we meet the sponsor form. Dying for a drink? Imagine if this was all you had to drink today. This opening question is a rhetorical question and has alliteration. It persuades you to imagine, a natural reaction is to do so. It gives a vibrant picture and feeling, making you sympathize with these people. There is a lot of detail given in the first sentence, which is a very good way to draw in the reader to move forth into the leaflet. On the back of the can there is a box titled Nutritional Information. Inside this box are facts. These facts are shocking but interesting and lead us to read on inside the leaflet. This is the purpose of the front cover of the Christian aids leaflet. As we open the leaflet at the top we are given the title How one well helped save a community from extinction. The word extinction seems very powerful and this title amazes us to know that just one well could make such a difference. Below the picture we see more facts about how they helped so many other people in Mali by building 500 concrete wells. The first paragraph tells us what is happening in Mali and the problems. In the second paragraph we are told about what they did about it. The chief of tonsogou, Abdoulaye Togo, is described as dynamic and determined. This is used to make people think that he is a good person and that we should send money to help him. Also, using the persons name makes it seem more personal. The third paragraph tells us the effects of them helping this village. The word flourished is used because it gives off very positive connotations. There is a quote from one of the villagers saying that now they have more time to spin cotton. This is also very positive because it shows now that they have clean water and they can work, and sell their products so they will get more money. The next flap uses a quote right at the beginning. This quote is very emotive and moving, and makes us think again, of the image we thought of from the first rhetorical question. This gets us thinking again and we empathize with these people. This next paragraph uses the word Imagine at the beginning of each sentence. This is used to involve us and to again make us empathize with these people. It uses statistics such as 1.1 billion people and one- sixth of the worlds population to shock us. The flap is then opened up and we see the centre page which is carried on talking about people like Yalaya and how they have helped the village become more self-sufficient. This makes us realize that by us helping them, we are helping them help themselves. The next part talks about how after building the well the people of tinsogou got together with 14 other villages and between them built their own health centre. This is very impressive to us and it makes us think that it is worth helping these people because they can help other people by making a health centre. It also says that they have made a school. This is good because then the future generations can be educated and may not have to struggle in life as that village once did. The next paragraph consists of the quote When we realized what we could achieve we didnt want to stop at the well. We wanted to go on and make other things happen for the village. This quote shows that CA is a charity that is very determined to help people out in every way they can. The rest of the flap says that so much was achieved by just one gift of water, and that today we can be part of these achievements by donating. This makes us want to be part of these achievements and helping other people out. It says the battle against poverty. This is a very powerful, effective sentence, full of strong words such as battle, and poverty to persuade us to give money, so that we do win the battle against poverty. It also talks about this being a difference we can make and it says please do. This is a polite request because it asks us nicely but in a way it is also telling us to do it. The last flap informs us that Just à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½24 buys eight bags of cement, to help a community like Valiammas in Sri Lanka. It makes it very personal now when it almost introduces her by saying she has seven children and that she only earns twenty pence a day selling rice flour. It is very emotive because she uses twenty pence to feed seven children and herself and we spend twenty pounds going out to a restaurant, eating what we want. The use of the word just is also very effective because for in a commercialized, developed country like ours twenty four pounds is not a lot of money. The same thing is repeated in the next paragraph but this time it is thirty six pounds for Shashore in Ethiopia to give money so that she can grow her own trees, because the food that she grows only lasts for five months. This also makes us think how lucky we are that we can have as much food as we like, and more whenever like as we are constantly surrounded by shops and restaurants. The last paragraph asks us to help Valliamma and Sahashore have a life before death. This is a clever way to use their slogan A life before death. This slogan is very effective because religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism, believe in re-incarnation and even Christianity believes in heaven and hell which is life after death, but CA wants people to have a life before they die. Both adverts are very effective. However, I believe that the RSPCA leaflet is more effective because they have used more persuasive devices and emotive language where as the Christian Aid leaflet mainly states facts and when it uses persuasive devices it is very blatant so it is not as effective. An example of this from Christian Aid is Please give whatever you can today and help more people like Valliamma and Shashore have a life before death. The images used in the RSPCA advert is very emotive when it has the animal looking at you, especially in the last image, because it seems as if the cat is asking for help. I believe that the RSPCA would get more support from the public because of the fact that Britain is well known for caring about animals. For example we only have a National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children but we have a Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Therefore I believe that more people would give to the RSPCA than to Christian Aid.

Examine The Role Of The Mental Health Nurse Social Work Essay

Examine The Role Of The Mental Health Nurse Social Work Essay Within this essay the authors aim is to explore the challenges and opportunities of integrating the Ten Essential Shared Capabilities (ESC) into the day to day running of mental health practice. The author will also take into account Values Based Practice, Recovery, Interpersonal Relationships and Service User and Carer involvement. Aswell as the 10 ESC there are a set of values which all mental health staff should follow. They are the Values Based Practice and it is about being aware of , and looking in a positive and respectful manner at peoples differences, beliefs and values regardless of status for example service user, carer, family or colleagues. (Coyte et al. 2007) There are 10 points to good values based practice which staff should adhere to. They are broken down into the following : Values Based Practice and Evidence Based Practice : The squeaky wheel principal (values only noticed if problematic), The two feet principal (evidence-based and values-based practice). Practice Skills : Awareness, Knowledge, Reasoning and Communication Models of Service Delivery : Multi-disciplinary, User Centred Partnership : Service User and the Carer working in partnership in decision making. The four main Practice Skills in values-based practice are also prominent in many if not all of the 10 ESC, all of which are required in building a working therapeutic relationship between service user and staff. Interpersonal relationships between service users and staff are very different from social relationships in that these relationships are built up on the same principles of respect, trust, good communication and understanding, but the service user, nurse relationship should be a therapeutic and helpful relationship rather than a social one (Guimon 2003). This relationship is essential in ensuring that there is a supportive and solid route of recovery established. Everyone has a different view on what recovery is and no one persons journey is the same as another. Recovery is all about initially having a belief that things can and will change. Some people may want a complete change in the way they live while others may want to return to how they lived before. Supporting recovery is all about assisting the person to live as fulfilling and positive life as possible, involving the service user and their carer and supporting them to take control of their own recovery (Scottish Recovery Network 2007). The author feels that the expertise to the mental health issues are the service user , carer and their family support structure and that this is a positive route onto their journey of recovery. The main issue that staff could come across may be if the service user does not have any of the support structure that comes from a network of family, friends and professionals or if the service user themselves does not want to involve any of the above support. This is where staff and the MDT (Multi-Disciplinary Team) may have to offer other methods or ways to support the service user on their recovery journey. Ideally, getting the service user and carer involved, by making sure that they are involved in all decision making concerning treatment would enable them to take more control of their care and treatment. However this can be challenging in that when trying to find a balance and working out what is holistically best for the service user conflicting ideas may come out, but by establishing a therapeutic relationship between the service user and staff this should help with any trust issues and enabling a better understanding and ensuring that there is a favourable outcome that can be agreed upon. The 10 Essential Shared Capabilities (ESC) are: Working in Partnership Respecting Diversity Practising Ethically Challenging Inequality Promoting Recovery Identifying Peoples Needs and Strengths Providing Service User Centred Care Making a Difference Promoting Safety and Positive Risk Taking Personal Development and Learning Working in partnership is all about building up a relationship with the service user, their family, carers and any outside services that are required to be involved in the care of the person. (Barker 2009) Staff should offer support and empower the person to enable them to have an active role in controlling their own treatment and care, with all aspects of their care being taken into account. Making sure that the whole partnership are aware of the information and advice that is available to them to enable an informed choice regarding the most suitable care is made available. Although, working in partnership sounds good in theory, all involved in the partnership are required to put in the work to ensure that it works successfully. The staff can offer services for both service user and carers but they may not agree or want to attend. If this happens then something needs to be put in place which would benefit all parties and that they all agree on, if any of the party do not want to attend or take notice of services provided then this is their choice and confirms their ability to choose. When respecting diversity it is to have an understanding of someones values, race, sexuality, age, mental health, religion and physical state. Staff need to ensure that everyone in their care are treated to proper care, treatment and support also that they are treated with dignity and respect no matter what their personal circumstances or cultural values area (Stickley and Basset 2008).